See the complete list of trends that we analyze.

1.Introduction to the Engineering & Research Industry

On a global basis, spending on R&D has increased rapidly in recent years. In industrialized nations, R&D investment has risen from an average of about 1.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1980 to more than 2.2% today. Large numbers of university students around the globe are enrolled in engineering and scientific disciplines—many of them dreaming about potential rewards if their future research efforts become commercialized. Global research collaboration (between companies, and between companies and universities) is booming, as is patenting; in fact, it is difficult for patent authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere to keep up with demand. Globalization and cross-national collaboration have such a dramatic effect on research and design that nearly one-half of all patents granted in America list at least one non-U.S. citizen as a coinventor. Major U.S. universities, like the University of Texas and the University of Wisconsin, as well as universities in such nations as China, Korea and Singapore, are eager to patent their inventions and to reap the benefits of commercialized research. Top research universities earn millions of dollars each in yearly royalties on their patents.

The “2009 Global R&D Funding Forecast,” published by Battelle and R&D Magazine, estimates global spending on research and development at $1.143 trillion for 2009, up from $1.108 trillion in 2008, on a PPP or purchasing power parity basis. This means that the amounts are adjusted to account for the difference in the cost of living from nation to nation, relative to the United States. For example, PPP analysis finds that the cost of buying a given standard of living is considerably lower in China or India than it is in the U.S. Thus, $1 spent in China or India has more purchasing power than $1 spent in America.

The U.S. continues to lead the world in terms of total investment in research and development, at about $375 billion during 2008. However, it ranks behind many other industrialized nations in terms of R&D as a percent of GDP at 2.6%. For example, Japan’s annual spending on R&D is 3.2% of GDP. Massive research outlays by the U.S. federal government are a big boost. The proposed federal research budget for 2009 was $142.6 billion (up from $138.3 billion the previous year) including $84.5 billion for medical care research. These figures do not include any extra research dollars passed by Congress in stimulus packages. Substantial new federal research dollars are expected to flow in 2009 and beyond into such areas as advanced automobile batteries, electronic patient health records and renewable energy. Government research dollars feed projects at universities throughout the U.S. and at many types of private corporations.

California launched an interesting initiative in research funding at the state level when voters there approved, in November 2004, $3 billion in stem cell research funding. By 2007, California’s stem cell research program was slowly getting underway after combating lawsuits questioning the authority of the state government to create such a program. Other states across the U.S. quickly began discussing the potential of launching such initiatives of their own. In 2007, voters in the State of Texas approved a $3 billion cancer research initiative spearheaded by former cancer patient and globally recognized athlete Lance Armstrong. The end result may be heightened competition between tech-savvy states for leading-edge research efforts, at both corporate and university facilities.

Meanwhile, U.S. corporations continue to fund massive engineering projects and research budgets of their own. Top research investors among U.S. companies include IBM, Johnson & Johnson, Microsoft and Intel. Unfortunately, the continuing financial strife and declining market share of U.S. car makers will likely lead to a significant decline in funding available for R&D at General Motors, Ford and Chrysler unless the federal government picks up future costs.

Engineering, science, research and development provide large numbers of well-paying jobs in America and around the world. Officially, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates 1.4 million people working in architectural and engineering services. This is up from 1.2 million in 2003. In addition, as of its mid-2007 survey (the latest data available), the same source counts 1.25 million in life, physical and social sciences, and, as of November 2008, 1.4 million people in computer systems design, programming and related services.

Rapidly growing sectors in U.S., Japanese, Indian and Chinese research include virtually all sectors within the energy field; from renewable energy such as solar power, to oil exploration technologies, to superconductivity, to nuclear generation. Renewable energy will continue to be a focus of global R&D, as will nuclear electric power generation.

The convergence of information technology, biotechnology and nanotechnology is fueling the imaginations and the research budgets of scientists and engineers. Likewise, the convergence of information technology, entertainment and telephony is booming. Great research emphasis is also placed on chemicals, health care, defense, transportation, aerospace, telecommunications, chips, computer hardware and computer software.

For several years, due to the long-term global boom in residential and commercial construction, building and infrastructure design and engineering firms were enjoying a steady stream of large, lucrative contracts. For now, however, the global financial crisis has put a damper on construction from the U.S. to Spain to Dubai.

Meanwhile, corporations know that they must invest in R&D in order to stay competitive, but in many cases their R&D strategies are evolving. One change is the way in which this funding is allocated. Strategies are shifting to include more alliances and joint ventures with other companies; more subsidiary spin-offs based on established technologies; more contracts and cooperative efforts with federal labs and agencies; and higher grants and projects of greater scope at the university level. Companies are also looking for ways to leverage their R&D investments in order to get more bang for their bucks.

Historically, corporate America’s R&D dollars were spent at labs within the bounds of the U.S., but today, more and more projects are going to company-owned or outsourced labs overseas. Due to relatively low costs and large talent pools (including large numbers of new graduates with engineering and scientific degrees), the nations of Eastern Europe, China and India in particular have been attracting more and more of the total research dollars invested by major companies.

China has one of the fastest-growing research budgets in the world, and by 2020 the government’s goal is to invest 2.5% of GDP annually in research, which will cause China to rank third in the world in terms of total annual investment. It remains to be seen whether they came come close to that goal. In 2007, China’s government invested $52.4 billion in R&D (about 1.49% of GDP, up from $29.4 billion in 2005). This does not include R&D expenses at labs owned by foreign companies. If China continues a ratio of R&D spending of about 1.5% of GDP for 2009, its research will total about $72 billion.

India’s government, according to its Ministry of Science and Technology, invested about 0.77% of GDP in R&D during the fiscal year ending in March 2005. If India continues a ratio of R&D spending of about 0.8% of GDP for 2009, its research spending will total about $12 billion.

Technical education is emphasized in India. The 2008 education budget included funds for two new schools of planning and architecture, along with three new institutes of technology.

Certain countries have the lion’s share of R&D activity. Corporations with the largest R&D budgets are nearly all headquartered in the U.S. and Canada in North America; in the U.K., France, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Sweden and Italy in the European region; and in the Asia-Pacific nations of Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and Singapore.

Korea’s R&D spending was about 3.5% of GDP in 2007, and the nation has a goal of increasing that figure to 5% in 2012. However, the nation was hit hard by the global financial crisis, particularly in terms of currency values. Korean government leaders are focused on increasing basic research capabilities and basic sciences, particularly at research-oriented universities.

Technology-oriented Israel invests as much as 4.53% of GDP in research and development. Finland and Sweden also spend very high ratios of their domestic economies on R&D.

Many American employers are frustrated in their efforts to hire either U.S. citizens or eligible immigrants who have specific degrees and experience suitable to fill niche jobs that are vital for corporate R&D. These employers feel that the current H1-B immigration program is much too restrictive. Temporary, job-related immigration status under the H1-B program has, in recent years, been limited to 65,000 people per annum, plus a special additional allotment of 20,000 expressly for immigrants who hold advanced degrees from U.S. universities.